Reg no. for I Year CSE Students 2010-14 batch

Bash command line for Linux

An A-Z Index of the Bash command line for Linux.

 

A 
  adduser  Add a user to the system
  addgroup Add a group to the system
  alias    Create an alias •
  apropos  Search Help manual pages (man -k)
  apt-get  Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
  aptitude Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
  aspell   Spell Checker
  awk      Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index

 
 
b
  basename Strip directory and suffix from filenames
  bash     GNU Bourne-Again SHell 
  bc       Arbitrary precision calculator language 
  bg       Send to background
  break    Exit from a loop •
  builtin  Run a shell builtin
  bzip2    Compress or decompress named file(s)
 
 
c
  cal      Display a calendar
  case     Conditionally perform a command
  cat      Display the contents of a file
  cd       Change Directory
  cfdisk   Partition table manipulator for Linux
  chgrp    Change group ownership
  chmod    Change access permissions
  chown    Change file owner and group
  chroot   Run a command with a different root directory
  chkconfig System services (runlevel)
  cksum    Print CRC checksum and byte counts
  clear    Clear terminal screen
  cmp      Compare two files
  comm     Compare two sorted files line by line
  command  Run a command - ignoring shell functions •
  continue Resume the next iteration of a loop •
  cp       Copy one or more files to another location
  cron     Daemon to execute scheduled commands
  crontab  Schedule a command to run at a later time
  csplit   Split a file into context-determined pieces
  cut      Divide a file into several part

d
date     Display or change the date & time
  dc       Desk Calculator
  dd       Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records
  ddrescue Data recovery tool
  declare  Declare variables and give them attributes •
  df       Display free disk space
  diff     Display the differences between two files
  diff3    Show differences among three files
  dig      DNS lookup
  dir      Briefly list directory contents
  dircolors Colour setup for `ls'
  dirname  Convert a full pathname to just a path
  dirs     Display list of remembered directories
  dmesg    Print kernel & driver messages 
  du       Estimate file space usage
e
  echo     Display message on screen •
  egrep    Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression
  eject    Eject removable media
  enable   Enable and disable builtin shell commands •
  env      Environment variables
  ethtool  Ethernet card settings
  eval     Evaluate several commands/arguments
  exec     Execute a command
  exit     Exit the shell
  expect   Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal
  expand   Convert tabs to spaces
  export   Set an environment variable
  expr     Evaluate expressions
f
  false    Do nothing, unsuccessfully
  fdformat Low-level format a floppy disk
  fdisk    Partition table manipulator for Linux
  fg       Send job to foreground 
  fgrep    Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
  file     Determine file type
  find     Search for files that meet a desired criteria
  fmt      Reformat paragraph text
  fold     Wrap text to fit a specified width.
  for      Expand words, and execute commands
  format   Format disks or tapes
  free     Display memory usage
  fsck     File system consistency check and repair
  ftp      File Transfer Protocol
  function Define Function Macros
  fuser    Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file
g
  gawk     Find and Replace text within file(s)
  getopts  Parse positional parameters
  grep     Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
  groups   Print group names a user is in
  gzip     Compress or decompress named file(s)
h
  hash     Remember the full pathname of a name argument
  head     Output the first part of file(s)
  help     Display help for a built-in command •
  history  Command History
  hostname Print or set system name
i
  id       Print user and group id's
  if       Conditionally perform a command
  ifconfig Configure a network interface
  ifdown   Stop a network interface 
  ifup     Start a network interface up
  import   Capture an X server screen and save the image to file
  install  Copy files and set attributes
j
  jobs     List active jobs •
  join     Join lines on a common field
k
  kill     Stop a process from running
  killall  Kill processes by name
l
  less     Display output one screen at a time
  let      Perform arithmetic on shell variables •
  ln       Make links between files
  local    Create variables •
  locate   Find files
  logname  Print current login name
  logout   Exit a login shell •
  look     Display lines beginning with a given string
  lpc      Line printer control program
  lpr      Off line print
  lprint   Print a file
  lprintd  Abort a print job
  lprintq  List the print queue
  lprm     Remove jobs from the print queue
  ls       List information about file(s)
  lsof     List open files
m
make     Recompile a group of programs
  man      Help manual
  mkdir    Create new folder(s)
  mkfifo   Make FIFOs (named pipes)
  mkisofs  Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem
  mknod    Make block or character special files
  more     Display output one screen at a time
  mount    Mount a file system
  mtools   Manipulate MS-DOS files
  mtr      Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)
  mv       Move or rename files or directories
  mmv      Mass Move and rename (files)
n
  netstat  Networking information
  nice     Set the priority of a command or job
  nl       Number lines and write files
  nohup    Run a command immune to hangups
  notify-send  Send desktop notifications
  nslookup Query Internet name servers interactively
o
  open     Open a file in its default application
  op       Operator access 
p
  passwd   Modify a user password
  paste    Merge lines of files
  pathchk  Check file name portability
  ping     Test a network connection
  pkill    Stop processes from running
  popd     Restore the previous value of the current directory
  pr       Prepare files for printing
  printcap Printer capability database
  printenv Print environment variables
  printf   Format and print data •
  ps       Process status
  pushd    Save and then change the current directory
  pwd      Print Working Directory
q
  quota    Display disk usage and limits
  quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage
  quotactl Set disk quotas
r
ram      ram disk device
  rcp      Copy files between two machines
  read     Read a line from standard input •
  readarray Read from stdin into an array variable •
  readonly Mark variables/functions as readonly
  reboot   Reboot the system
  rename   Rename files
  renice   Alter priority of running processes 
  remsync  Synchronize remote files via email
  return   Exit a shell function
  rev      Reverse lines of a file
  rm       Remove files
  rmdir    Remove folder(s)
  rsync    Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)
s
  screen   Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh
  scp      Secure copy (remote file copy)
  sdiff    Merge two files interactively
  sed      Stream Editor
  select   Accept keyboard input
  seq      Print numeric sequences
  set      Manipulate shell variables and functions
  sftp     Secure File Transfer Program
  shift    Shift positional parameters
  shopt    Shell Options
  shutdown Shutdown or restart linux
  sleep    Delay for a specified time
  slocate  Find files
  sort     Sort text files
  source   Run commands from a file `.'
  split    Split a file into fixed-size pieces
  ssh      Secure Shell client (remote login program)
  strace   Trace system calls and signals
  su       Substitute user identity
  sudo     Execute a command as another user
  sum      Print a checksum for a file
  suspend  Suspend execution of this shell •
  symlink  Make a new name for a file
  sync     Synchronize data on disk with memory 
t
tail     Output the last part of files
  tar      Tape ARchiver
  tee      Redirect output to multiple files
  test     Evaluate a conditional expression
  time     Measure Program running time
  times    User and system times
  touch    Change file timestamps
  top      List processes running on the system
  traceroute Trace Route to Host
  trap     Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)
  tr       Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
  true     Do nothing, successfully
  tsort    Topological sort
  tty      Print filename of terminal on stdin
  type     Describe a command •
u
  ulimit   Limit user resources •
  umask    Users file creation mask
  umount   Unmount a device
  unalias  Remove an alias •
  uname    Print system information
  unexpand Convert spaces to tabs
  uniq     Uniquify files
  units    Convert units from one scale to another
  unset    Remove variable or function names
  unshar   Unpack shell archive scripts
  until    Execute commands (until error)
  useradd  Create new user account
  usermod  Modify user account
  users    List users currently logged in
  uuencode Encode a binary file 
  uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode
v
  v        Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
  vdir     Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
  vi       Text Editor
  vmstat   Report virtual memory statistics
w
  watch    Execute/display a program periodically
  wc       Print byte, word, and line counts
  whereis  Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a program
  which    Search the user's $path for a program file
  while    Execute commands
  who      Print all usernames currently logged in
  whoami   Print the current user id and name (`id -un')
  Wget     Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP
  write    Send a message to another user 
x
  xargs    Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)
  xdg-open Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application.
  yes      Print a string until interrupted
  .        Run a command script in the current shell
  ###      Comment / Remark
Commands marked • are bash built-ins, these are available
under all shells.
 

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IT in 2020

IT in 2020
 What is the meaning of information technology
Information Technology is the study of many areas in technology, in IT it is studying  the use of computers  and other technology in finding information. IT is a branch from computer engineering  that  is becoming a rapidly growing  field in today's careers

 

It has become apparent that information technology is rapidly transforming the landscape

of global business. The imperative of competitiveness has increased the pace by which these

changes must be made; its impact on organizational structure and communications has been

rapid and discontinuous. Communications has been one facet of this change that few anticipatedIt turns out that bringing people together is the ultimate killer application (The Heyday of the

Auction, 1999).

Stated succinctly, and extrapolating from trends in information technology that are

emerging with the arrival of the 21st century, it is likely that the following organizational

outcomes will occur in 2020:

(1) Convergence

(2) Decentralization

(3) Virtuality, and

(4) Commodification

Convergence

•One byproduct of the appearance of the World Wide Web has been a dramatic rethinking  of the nature of communications technology. It is convenient to think of the telephone, the  television, the radio and the World Wide Web as separate means of communication. Some of  these sources are interactive (such as the telephone) and others are not currently interactive (such as the television). By 2020, these distinctions will be irrelevant.

•We see this being played out clearly in the telecommunications industry today (So the  Elephants Danced, 1998). While themselves not certain of the outcome, telecommunications  giants such as AT&T and MCI WorldCom have been rapidly acquiring companies outside their  traditional telecommunications fields, such as cable, internet service providers, and media companies.

• The net effect of these mergers and acquisitions is the rapid consolidation of these telecommunications corporations into a communications infrastructure – voice, images, and data.

•In 2020, data will be the predominant exchange on these networks.

Decentralization

 

•One of the most profound organizational byproducts of the IT revolution will be the increased decentralization of the organization.

•Whereas information and decision making control had traditionally resided with the upper levels of management, the impact of IT will be to decentralize both information and control.

•These phenomena will be a continuation of the trends seen in the late 1990’s. With the integration of suppliers, firm and buyers, it will be imperative that decision-making authority be relegated to the levels closest to the customer or markets as possible.

•The task for management will be to create information flows sufficient to monitor these exchanges, and if necessary to take corrective action.

  The dictates of flexibility, however, will be sufficient enough to release decision making to the areas and levels where it will be the most effective.

•This will increasingly make the task of top management more esoteric than ever before.

•Freed from the dictates of day-to-day operational decision-making, top management will be increasingly faced with the question of strategically managing the firm in a fluid, chaotic environment.

•The speed at which environmental conditions are likely to evolve will require building dynamic flexibility.

Virtuality

•Another result of the further decentralization of organizations should be the creation of virtuality in a One consequence of the increased reliance upon virtuality will be what can be termed

•The Leadership Imperative and around the organization From a societal perspective, virtuality has another, subtler, impact.

•Gradually, images are becoming more important than other forms of communication. Indeed, in the milieu of the

•Internet, images are the reality. Images of reality are in fact are becoming more important to

•society than the underlying reality itself (Lash, 1990). America Online exists only in the glow of cyberspace.

•A larger implication for virtuality, both within and outside the organization, is transparency.

Commodification

•While a man selling his kidney over the E-Bay website may be regarded as an isolated, aberrant phenomena, it is in fact a symptom of a much larger phenomena.

•These phenomena can be regarded as symptoms of commodification (Lash, 1990).

•The implications of these post-modern incursions into management theory and the theory of the firm are far from clear. Yet to an observer at the end of the 20th century, the argument that post-modern theories attempt to move social science away from the physical sciences may appear to be false. Indeed, if the social sciences gain their legitimacy by emulation and imitation of the physical sciences, then the move from determinism to Post-Einstein thought is being driven by the physical sciences. Perhaps it is the social sciences, and management thought in particular, that has remained isolated from the scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century

Conclusion

•With information technology beginning to increasingly integrate into our organizations, an evolution has begun to occur.

•Many organizations have begun to organize themselves around these new technologies, and an explosion of entrepreneurial activity has occurred.

•New challenges also require new theoretical lenses, and the flexibility to re-configure even our preconceptions to integrate with the new circumstances.

•Our worldview, in other words, must bear increasing examination. As a society, our communications have become increasingly visual, rather than focusing upon the written word (Lash, 1990).

•We may need a new set of lenses in order to regard these images clearly .

KNOWLEDGE & SKILLS REQ IN IT  

•The knowledge and skills required in information technology come from the applied engineering sciences, especially information, computer, and systems engineering sciences, and from professional practice. Professional activities in information technology and in the acquisition of information technology systems range from requirements definition or specification, to conceptual and functional design and development of communication and computer-based systems for information support. They are concerned with such topics as architectural definition and evaluation.

•

TOP 7 HUBS IN INDIA

•BANGALORE

•CHENNAI

•HYDERABAD

•PUNE

•KOLKATA

•NCR

•MUMBAI

•

New IT park in Karnataka:
  

•The Karnataka government has planned to build a big integrated IT park near the airport of Karnaaka. The construction works for the project has been started at the Veda nalli which is a place in Karnataka.

Industries to be built in the integrated park are,
Information Technology Company
Biotechnology industry
Automobile company
Pharmacy technology industry and
Cement Company

•Bangalore has been the destination for the most of the graduates of all over India. There are reasons for that. They are,

Bangalore has been the capital for the Information Technology companies because there is lot of leading IT companies in Bangalore.
The next thing is the climate of Bangalore. It is hard to find people who don't like the climate of Bangalore.
Bangalore is the city that has the huge number of IT companies in India.

So, Information Technology becomes in 2020, it gives a amazing news. 

Thanking you,

 

 
 
 

Various Types of SOFTWARE

 1. SOFTWARE

  1.1. System software

  1.2. Application software

  1.1. System software
  1.1.1. system management program

  1.1.2. system development program

  1.1.1. system management program

  1.1.1.1. Operating program

  1.1.1.2. Utility program

  1.1.1.3. Device driver

  

  1.1.2. System develepment program
  1.1.2.1. Language translator

  1.1.2.1.1. Compiler

  1.1.2.1.2. Assembler

  1.1.2.1.3. Interpreter

  1.1.2.2. Debugger

  1.1.2.3. Linker

  1.1.2.4. Editior

  1.2. Application software

  1.2.1. Standard application software
  1.2.2. Unique application software.

www.jayafossclub.org

How to install UBUNTU on your machine?

Why Ubuntu?

Ubuntu is a fast, Secure and east to use operating system used by millions of people around the world.

You can download this os from this link  http://www.ubuntu.com/download/ubuntu/download

Step 1: Insert a linux os disk.

Step 2: Restart your computer.

Step 3: Set BIOS settings to run the CD-ROM

Step 4: Now you will see a linux installation.

Step 5: This is process is being seven steps. First step you click to FORWARD button.

Step 6: Then again click a FORWARD button.(got a Time region step).

Step 7: Setup your location and what's time on you work your machine and click FORWARD button.

Step 8: You can get a Hard disk  partition method. Now you can see four various types of installation method. If you select "Side by side" method method OS is install with side by side use that machine or selected "Delete whole and install" method you loss previous data's and install that OS only or selceted "Manual" you install this OS and  don't loss any previous data's. you select any installation method and click FORWARD button.

Step 9:Here will see the partition method. First you select a swap are with 2000 MB space

Step 10: Now you select whole hard disk space by the type is ' ext3 ' and you should mountpoint click the ' \ 'click FORWARD button.

Step 11: You'ld be the configuration wizard.(seen whatever you will be selected).

Step 12: Click OK button and install linux os is your machine.

Step 13: Now compelet the installation and you get the LINUX is your machine. Remove the CD from CD-ROM, and restart the machine. Now OS installation is completed and ubuntu can be running now on your machine.

Work and enjoy yourself.

                              

                           " BEST OF LUCK "